1.0.0[−][src]Trait core::iter::Iterator

#[must_use = "iterators are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
pub trait Iterator {
    type Item;
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>;

    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) { ... }

    fn count(self) -> usize
    where
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn last(self) -> Option<Self::Item>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item> { ... }

    fn step_by(self, step: usize) -> StepBy<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn chain<U>(self, other: U) -> Chain<Self, U::IntoIter>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        U: IntoIterator<Item = Self::Item>,
    { ... }

    fn zip<U>(self, other: U) -> Zip<Self, U::IntoIter>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        U: IntoIterator,
    { ... }

    fn map<B, F>(self, f: F) -> Map<Self, F>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> B,
    { ... }

    fn for_each<F>(self, f: F)
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(Self::Item),
    { ... }

    fn filter<P>(self, predicate: P) -> Filter<Self, P>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
    { ... }

    fn filter_map<B, F>(self, f: F) -> FilterMap<Self, F>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> Option<B>,
    { ... }

    fn enumerate(self) -> Enumerate<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn peekable(self) -> Peekable<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn skip_while<P>(self, predicate: P) -> SkipWhile<Self, P>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
    { ... }

    fn take_while<P>(self, predicate: P) -> TakeWhile<Self, P>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
    { ... }

    fn skip(self, n: usize) -> Skip<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn take(self, n: usize) -> Take<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn scan<St, B, F>(self, initial_state: St, f: F) -> Scan<Self, St, F>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(&mut St, Self::Item) -> Option<B>,
    { ... }

    fn flat_map<U, F>(self, f: F) -> FlatMap<Self, U, F>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        U: IntoIterator,
        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> U,
    { ... }

    fn flatten(self) -> Flatten<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        Self::Item: IntoIterator,
    { ... }

    fn fuse(self) -> Fuse<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn inspect<F>(self, f: F) -> Inspect<Self, F>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(&Self::Item),
    { ... }

    fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self
    where
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

#[must_use = "if you really need to exhaust the iterator, consider `.for_each(drop)` instead"]
    fn collect<B: FromIterator<Self::Item>>(self) -> B
    where
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn partition<B, F>(self, f: F) -> (B, B)
    where
        Self: Sized,
        B: Default + Extend<Self::Item>,
        F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
    { ... }

    fn try_fold<B, F, R>(&mut self, init: B, f: F) -> R
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> R,
        R: Try<Ok = B>,
    { ... }

    fn try_for_each<F, R>(&mut self, f: F) -> R
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> R,
        R: Try<Ok = ()>,
    { ... }

    fn fold<B, F>(self, init: B, f: F) -> B
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> B,
    { ... }

    fn all<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
    { ... }

    fn any<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
    { ... }

    fn find<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
    { ... }

    fn find_map<B, F>(&mut self, f: F) -> Option<B>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> Option<B>,
    { ... }

    fn position<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<usize>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
    { ... }

    fn rposition<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<usize>
    where
        P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
        Self: Sized + ExactSizeIterator + DoubleEndedIterator,
    { ... }

    fn max(self) -> Option<Self::Item>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        Self::Item: Ord,
    { ... }

    fn min(self) -> Option<Self::Item>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        Self::Item: Ord,
    { ... }

    fn max_by_key<B: Ord, F>(self, f: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> B,
    { ... }

    fn max_by<F>(self, compare: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering,
    { ... }

    fn min_by_key<B: Ord, F>(self, f: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> B,
    { ... }

    fn min_by<F>(self, compare: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering,
    { ... }

    fn rev(self) -> Rev<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized + DoubleEndedIterator,
    { ... }

    fn unzip<A, B, FromA, FromB>(self) -> (FromA, FromB)
    where
        FromA: Default + Extend<A>,
        FromB: Default + Extend<B>,
        Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = (A, B)>,
    { ... }

    fn copied<'a, T: 'a>(self) -> Copied<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = &'a T>,
        T: Copy,
    { ... }

    fn cloned<'a, T: 'a>(self) -> Cloned<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = &'a T>,
        T: Clone,
    { ... }

    fn cycle(self) -> Cycle<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized + Clone,
    { ... }

    fn sum<S>(self) -> S
    where
        Self: Sized,
        S: Sum<Self::Item>,
    { ... }

    fn product<P>(self) -> P
    where
        Self: Sized,
        P: Product<Self::Item>,
    { ... }

    fn cmp<I>(self, other: I) -> Ordering
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = Self::Item>,
        Self::Item: Ord,
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn partial_cmp<I>(self, other: I) -> Option<Ordering>
    where
        I: IntoIterator,
        Self::Item: PartialOrd<I::Item>,
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn eq<I>(self, other: I) -> bool
    where
        I: IntoIterator,
        Self::Item: PartialEq<I::Item>,
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn ne<I>(self, other: I) -> bool
    where
        I: IntoIterator,
        Self::Item: PartialEq<I::Item>,
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn lt<I>(self, other: I) -> bool
    where
        I: IntoIterator,
        Self::Item: PartialOrd<I::Item>,
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn le<I>(self, other: I) -> bool
    where
        I: IntoIterator,
        Self::Item: PartialOrd<I::Item>,
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn gt<I>(self, other: I) -> bool
    where
        I: IntoIterator,
        Self::Item: PartialOrd<I::Item>,
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn ge<I>(self, other: I) -> bool
    where
        I: IntoIterator,
        Self::Item: PartialOrd<I::Item>,
        Self: Sized,
    { ... }

    fn is_sorted(self) -> bool
    where
        Self: Sized,
        Self::Item: PartialOrd,
    { ... }

    fn is_sorted_by<F>(self, compare: F) -> bool
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Option<Ordering>,
    { ... }

    fn is_sorted_by_key<F, K>(self, f: F) -> bool
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> K,
        K: PartialOrd,
    { ... }
}

An interface for dealing with iterators.

This is the main iterator trait. For more about the concept of iterators generally, please see the module-level documentation. In particular, you may want to know how to implement Iterator.

Associated Types

type Item

The type of the elements being iterated over.

Loading content...

Required methods

fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>

Advances the iterator and returns the next value.

Returns None when iteration is finished. Individual iterator implementations may choose to resume iteration, and so calling next() again may or may not eventually start returning Some(Item) again at some point.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let mut iter = a.iter();

// A call to next() returns the next value...
assert_eq!(Some(&1), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some(&2), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some(&3), iter.next());

// ... and then None once it's over.
assert_eq!(None, iter.next());

// More calls may or may not return `None`. Here, they always will.
assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
assert_eq!(None, iter.next());Run
Loading content...

Provided methods

fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>)

Returns the bounds on the remaining length of the iterator.

Specifically, size_hint() returns a tuple where the first element is the lower bound, and the second element is the upper bound.

The second half of the tuple that is returned is an Option<usize>. A None here means that either there is no known upper bound, or the upper bound is larger than usize.

Implementation notes

It is not enforced that an iterator implementation yields the declared number of elements. A buggy iterator may yield less than the lower bound or more than the upper bound of elements.

size_hint() is primarily intended to be used for optimizations such as reserving space for the elements of the iterator, but must not be trusted to e.g., omit bounds checks in unsafe code. An incorrect implementation of size_hint() should not lead to memory safety violations.

That said, the implementation should provide a correct estimation, because otherwise it would be a violation of the trait's protocol.

The default implementation returns (0, None) which is correct for any iterator.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];
let iter = a.iter();

assert_eq!((3, Some(3)), iter.size_hint());Run

A more complex example:

// The even numbers from zero to ten.
let iter = (0..10).filter(|x| x % 2 == 0);

// We might iterate from zero to ten times. Knowing that it's five
// exactly wouldn't be possible without executing filter().
assert_eq!((0, Some(10)), iter.size_hint());

// Let's add five more numbers with chain()
let iter = (0..10).filter(|x| x % 2 == 0).chain(15..20);

// now both bounds are increased by five
assert_eq!((5, Some(15)), iter.size_hint());Run

Returning None for an upper bound:

// an infinite iterator has no upper bound
// and the maximum possible lower bound
let iter = 0..;

assert_eq!((usize::max_value(), None), iter.size_hint());Run

fn count(self) -> usize where
    Self: Sized, 

Consumes the iterator, counting the number of iterations and returning it.

This method will evaluate the iterator until its next returns None. Once None is encountered, count() returns the number of times it called next.

Overflow Behavior

The method does no guarding against overflows, so counting elements of an iterator with more than usize::MAX elements either produces the wrong result or panics. If debug assertions are enabled, a panic is guaranteed.

Panics

This function might panic if the iterator has more than usize::MAX elements.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];
assert_eq!(a.iter().count(), 3);

let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
assert_eq!(a.iter().count(), 5);Run

fn last(self) -> Option<Self::Item> where
    Self: Sized, 

Consumes the iterator, returning the last element.

This method will evaluate the iterator until it returns None. While doing so, it keeps track of the current element. After None is returned, last() will then return the last element it saw.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];
assert_eq!(a.iter().last(), Some(&3));

let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
assert_eq!(a.iter().last(), Some(&5));Run

fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item>

Returns the nth element of the iterator.

Like most indexing operations, the count starts from zero, so nth(0) returns the first value, nth(1) the second, and so on.

Note that all preceding elements, as well as the returned element, will be consumed from the iterator. That means that the preceding elements will be discarded, and also that calling nth(0) multiple times on the same iterator will return different elements.

nth() will return None if n is greater than or equal to the length of the iterator.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];
assert_eq!(a.iter().nth(1), Some(&2));Run

Calling nth() multiple times doesn't rewind the iterator:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let mut iter = a.iter();

assert_eq!(iter.nth(1), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(iter.nth(1), None);Run

Returning None if there are less than n + 1 elements:

let a = [1, 2, 3];
assert_eq!(a.iter().nth(10), None);Run

ⓘImportant traits for StepBy<I>
fn step_by(self, step: usize) -> StepBy<Self> where
    Self: Sized, 1.28.0

Creates an iterator starting at the same point, but stepping by the given amount at each iteration.

Note 1: The first element of the iterator will always be returned, regardless of the step given.

Note 2: The time at which ignored elements are pulled is not fixed. StepBy behaves like the sequence next(), nth(step-1), nth(step-1), …, but is also free to behave like the sequence advance_n_and_return_first(step), advance_n_and_return_first(step), … Which way is used may change for some iterators for performance reasons. The second way will advance the iterator earlier and may consume more items.

advance_n_and_return_first is the equivalent of:

fn advance_n_and_return_first<I>(iter: &mut I, total_step: usize) -> Option<I::Item>
where
    I: Iterator,
{
    let next = iter.next();
    if total_step > 1 {
        iter.nth(total_step-2);
    }
    next
}Run

Panics

The method will panic if the given step is 0.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let mut iter = a.iter().step_by(2);

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&0));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&4));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

ⓘImportant traits for Chain<A, B>
fn chain<U>(self, other: U) -> Chain<Self, U::IntoIter> where
    Self: Sized,
    U: IntoIterator<Item = Self::Item>, 

Takes two iterators and creates a new iterator over both in sequence.

chain() will return a new iterator which will first iterate over values from the first iterator and then over values from the second iterator.

In other words, it links two iterators together, in a chain. 🔗

Examples

Basic usage:

let a1 = [1, 2, 3];
let a2 = [4, 5, 6];

let mut iter = a1.iter().chain(a2.iter());

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&3));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&4));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&5));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&6));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

Since the argument to chain() uses IntoIterator, we can pass anything that can be converted into an Iterator, not just an Iterator itself. For example, slices (&[T]) implement IntoIterator, and so can be passed to chain() directly:

let s1 = &[1, 2, 3];
let s2 = &[4, 5, 6];

let mut iter = s1.iter().chain(s2);

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&3));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&4));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&5));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&6));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

ⓘImportant traits for Zip<A, B>
fn zip<U>(self, other: U) -> Zip<Self, U::IntoIter> where
    Self: Sized,
    U: IntoIterator, 

'Zips up' two iterators into a single iterator of pairs.

zip() returns a new iterator that will iterate over two other iterators, returning a tuple where the first element comes from the first iterator, and the second element comes from the second iterator.

In other words, it zips two iterators together, into a single one.

If either iterator returns None, next from the zipped iterator will return None. If the first iterator returns None, zip will short-circuit and next will not be called on the second iterator.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a1 = [1, 2, 3];
let a2 = [4, 5, 6];

let mut iter = a1.iter().zip(a2.iter());

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&1, &4)));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&2, &5)));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&3, &6)));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

Since the argument to zip() uses IntoIterator, we can pass anything that can be converted into an Iterator, not just an Iterator itself. For example, slices (&[T]) implement IntoIterator, and so can be passed to zip() directly:

let s1 = &[1, 2, 3];
let s2 = &[4, 5, 6];

let mut iter = s1.iter().zip(s2);

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&1, &4)));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&2, &5)));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&3, &6)));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

zip() is often used to zip an infinite iterator to a finite one. This works because the finite iterator will eventually return None, ending the zipper. Zipping with (0..) can look a lot like enumerate:

let enumerate: Vec<_> = "foo".chars().enumerate().collect();

let zipper: Vec<_> = (0..).zip("foo".chars()).collect();

assert_eq!((0, 'f'), enumerate[0]);
assert_eq!((0, 'f'), zipper[0]);

assert_eq!((1, 'o'), enumerate[1]);
assert_eq!((1, 'o'), zipper[1]);

assert_eq!((2, 'o'), enumerate[2]);
assert_eq!((2, 'o'), zipper[2]);Run

ⓘImportant traits for Map<I, F>
fn map<B, F>(self, f: F) -> Map<Self, F> where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> B, 

Takes a closure and creates an iterator which calls that closure on each element.

map() transforms one iterator into another, by means of its argument: something that implements FnMut. It produces a new iterator which calls this closure on each element of the original iterator.

If you are good at thinking in types, you can think of map() like this: If you have an iterator that gives you elements of some type A, and you want an iterator of some other type B, you can use map(), passing a closure that takes an A and returns a B.

map() is conceptually similar to a for loop. However, as map() is lazy, it is best used when you're already working with other iterators. If you're doing some sort of looping for a side effect, it's considered more idiomatic to use for than map().

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let mut iter = a.iter().map(|x| 2 * x);

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(4));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(6));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

If you're doing some sort of side effect, prefer for to map():

// don't do this:
(0..5).map(|x| println!("{}", x));

// it won't even execute, as it is lazy. Rust will warn you about this.

// Instead, use for:
for x in 0..5 {
    println!("{}", x);
}Run

fn for_each<F>(self, f: F) where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(Self::Item), 1.21.0

Calls a closure on each element of an iterator.

This is equivalent to using a for loop on the iterator, although break and continue are not possible from a closure. It's generally more idiomatic to use a for loop, but for_each may be more legible when processing items at the end of longer iterator chains. In some cases for_each may also be faster than a loop, because it will use internal iteration on adaptors like Chain.

Examples

Basic usage:

use std::sync::mpsc::channel;

let (tx, rx) = channel();
(0..5).map(|x| x * 2 + 1)
      .for_each(move |x| tx.send(x).unwrap());

let v: Vec<_> =  rx.iter().collect();
assert_eq!(v, vec![1, 3, 5, 7, 9]);Run

For such a small example, a for loop may be cleaner, but for_each might be preferable to keep a functional style with longer iterators:

(0..5).flat_map(|x| x * 100 .. x * 110)
      .enumerate()
      .filter(|&(i, x)| (i + x) % 3 == 0)
      .for_each(|(i, x)| println!("{}:{}", i, x));Run

ⓘImportant traits for Filter<I, P>
fn filter<P>(self, predicate: P) -> Filter<Self, P> where
    Self: Sized,
    P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool, 

Creates an iterator which uses a closure to determine if an element should be yielded.

The closure must return true or false. filter() creates an iterator which calls this closure on each element. If the closure returns true, then the element is returned. If the closure returns false, it will try again, and call the closure on the next element, seeing if it passes the test.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [0i32, 1, 2];

let mut iter = a.iter().filter(|x| x.is_positive());

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

Because the closure passed to filter() takes a reference, and many iterators iterate over references, this leads to a possibly confusing situation, where the type of the closure is a double reference:

let a = [0, 1, 2];

let mut iter = a.iter().filter(|x| **x > 1); // need two *s!

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

It's common to instead use destructuring on the argument to strip away one:

let a = [0, 1, 2];

let mut iter = a.iter().filter(|&x| *x > 1); // both & and *

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

or both:

let a = [0, 1, 2];

let mut iter = a.iter().filter(|&&x| x > 1); // two &s

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

of these layers.

ⓘImportant traits for FilterMap<I, F>
fn filter_map<B, F>(self, f: F) -> FilterMap<Self, F> where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> Option<B>, 

Creates an iterator that both filters and maps.

The closure must return an Option<T>. filter_map creates an iterator which calls this closure on each element. If the closure returns Some(element), then that element is returned. If the closure returns None, it will try again, and call the closure on the next element, seeing if it will return Some.

Why filter_map and not just filter and map? The key is in this part:

If the closure returns Some(element), then that element is returned.

In other words, it removes the Option<T> layer automatically. If your mapping is already returning an Option<T> and you want to skip over Nones, then filter_map is much, much nicer to use.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = ["1", "lol", "3", "NaN", "5"];

let mut iter = a.iter().filter_map(|s| s.parse().ok());

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(3));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(5));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

Here's the same example, but with filter and map:

let a = ["1", "lol", "3", "NaN", "5"];
let mut iter = a.iter().map(|s| s.parse()).filter(|s| s.is_ok()).map(|s| s.unwrap());
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(3));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(5));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

ⓘImportant traits for Enumerate<I>
fn enumerate(self) -> Enumerate<Self> where
    Self: Sized, 

Creates an iterator which gives the current iteration count as well as the next value.

The iterator returned yields pairs (i, val), where i is the current index of iteration and val is the value returned by the iterator.

enumerate() keeps its count as a usize. If you want to count by a different sized integer, the zip function provides similar functionality.

Overflow Behavior

The method does no guarding against overflows, so enumerating more than usize::MAX elements either produces the wrong result or panics. If debug assertions are enabled, a panic is guaranteed.

Panics

The returned iterator might panic if the to-be-returned index would overflow a usize.

Examples

let a = ['a', 'b', 'c'];

let mut iter = a.iter().enumerate();

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((0, &'a')));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((1, &'b')));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((2, &'c')));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

ⓘImportant traits for Peekable<I>
fn peekable(self) -> Peekable<Self> where
    Self: Sized, 

Creates an iterator which can use peek to look at the next element of the iterator without consuming it.

Adds a peek method to an iterator. See its documentation for more information.

Note that the underlying iterator is still advanced when peek is called for the first time: In order to retrieve the next element, next is called on the underlying iterator, hence any side effects (i.e. anything other than fetching the next value) of the next method will occur.

Examples

Basic usage:

let xs = [1, 2, 3];

let mut iter = xs.iter().peekable();

// peek() lets us see into the future
assert_eq!(iter.peek(), Some(&&1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&1));

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&2));

// we can peek() multiple times, the iterator won't advance
assert_eq!(iter.peek(), Some(&&3));
assert_eq!(iter.peek(), Some(&&3));

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&3));

// after the iterator is finished, so is peek()
assert_eq!(iter.peek(), None);
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

ⓘImportant traits for SkipWhile<I, P>
fn skip_while<P>(self, predicate: P) -> SkipWhile<Self, P> where
    Self: Sized,
    P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool, 

Creates an iterator that skips elements based on a predicate.

skip_while() takes a closure as an argument. It will call this closure on each element of the iterator, and ignore elements until it returns false.

After false is returned, skip_while()'s job is over, and the rest of the elements are yielded.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [-1i32, 0, 1];

let mut iter = a.iter().skip_while(|x| x.is_negative());

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&0));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

Because the closure passed to skip_while() takes a reference, and many iterators iterate over references, this leads to a possibly confusing situation, where the type of the closure is a double reference:

let a = [-1, 0, 1];

let mut iter = a.iter().skip_while(|x| **x < 0); // need two *s!

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&0));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

Stopping after an initial false:

let a = [-1, 0, 1, -2];

let mut iter = a.iter().skip_while(|x| **x < 0);

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&0));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&1));

// while this would have been false, since we already got a false,
// skip_while() isn't used any more
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&-2));

assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

ⓘImportant traits for TakeWhile<I, P>
fn take_while<P>(self, predicate: P) -> TakeWhile<Self, P> where
    Self: Sized,
    P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool, 

Creates an iterator that yields elements based on a predicate.

take_while() takes a closure as an argument. It will call this closure on each element of the iterator, and yield elements while it returns true.

After false is returned, take_while()'s job is over, and the rest of the elements are ignored.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [-1i32, 0, 1];

let mut iter = a.iter().take_while(|x| x.is_negative());

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&-1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

Because the closure passed to take_while() takes a reference, and many iterators iterate over references, this leads to a possibly confusing situation, where the type of the closure is a double reference:

let a = [-1, 0, 1];

let mut iter = a.iter().take_while(|x| **x < 0); // need two *s!

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&-1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

Stopping after an initial false:

let a = [-1, 0, 1, -2];

let mut iter = a.iter().take_while(|x| **x < 0);

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&-1));

// We have more elements that are less than zero, but since we already
// got a false, take_while() isn't used any more
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

Because take_while() needs to look at the value in order to see if it should be included or not, consuming iterators will see that it is removed:

let a = [1, 2, 3, 4];
let mut iter = a.iter();

let result: Vec<i32> = iter.by_ref()
                           .take_while(|n| **n != 3)
                           .cloned()
                           .collect();

assert_eq!(result, &[1, 2]);

let result: Vec<i32> = iter.cloned().collect();

assert_eq!(result, &[4]);Run

The 3 is no longer there, because it was consumed in order to see if the iteration should stop, but wasn't placed back into the iterator.

ⓘImportant traits for Skip<I>
fn skip(self, n: usize) -> Skip<Self> where
    Self: Sized, 

Creates an iterator that skips the first n elements.

After they have been consumed, the rest of the elements are yielded. Rather than overriding this method directly, instead override the nth method.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let mut iter = a.iter().skip(2);

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&3));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

ⓘImportant traits for Take<I>
fn take(self, n: usize) -> Take<Self> where
    Self: Sized, 

Creates an iterator that yields its first n elements.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let mut iter = a.iter().take(2);

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

take() is often used with an infinite iterator, to make it finite:

let mut iter = (0..).take(3);

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(0));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

ⓘImportant traits for Scan<I, St, F>
fn scan<St, B, F>(self, initial_state: St, f: F) -> Scan<Self, St, F> where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(&mut St, Self::Item) -> Option<B>, 

An iterator adaptor similar to fold that holds internal state and produces a new iterator.

scan() takes two arguments: an initial value which seeds the internal state, and a closure with two arguments, the first being a mutable reference to the internal state and the second an iterator element. The closure can assign to the internal state to share state between iterations.

On iteration, the closure will be applied to each element of the iterator and the return value from the closure, an Option, is yielded by the iterator.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let mut iter = a.iter().scan(1, |state, &x| {
    // each iteration, we'll multiply the state by the element
    *state = *state * x;

    // then, we'll yield the negation of the state
    Some(-*state)
});

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(-1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(-2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(-6));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

ⓘImportant traits for FlatMap<I, U, F>
fn flat_map<U, F>(self, f: F) -> FlatMap<Self, U, F> where
    Self: Sized,
    U: IntoIterator,
    F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> U, 

Creates an iterator that works like map, but flattens nested structure.

The map adapter is very useful, but only when the closure argument produces values. If it produces an iterator instead, there's an extra layer of indirection. flat_map() will remove this extra layer on its own.

You can think of flat_map(f) as the semantic equivalent of mapping, and then flattening as in map(f).flatten().

Another way of thinking about flat_map(): map's closure returns one item for each element, and flat_map()'s closure returns an iterator for each element.

Examples

Basic usage:

let words = ["alpha", "beta", "gamma"];

// chars() returns an iterator
let merged: String = words.iter()
                          .flat_map(|s| s.chars())
                          .collect();
assert_eq!(merged, "alphabetagamma");Run

ⓘImportant traits for Flatten<I>
fn flatten(self) -> Flatten<Self> where
    Self: Sized,
    Self::Item: IntoIterator, 1.29.0

Creates an iterator that flattens nested structure.

This is useful when you have an iterator of iterators or an iterator of things that can be turned into iterators and you want to remove one level of indirection.

Examples

Basic usage:

let data = vec![vec![1, 2, 3, 4], vec![5, 6]];
let flattened = data.into_iter().flatten().collect::<Vec<u8>>();
assert_eq!(flattened, &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);Run

Mapping and then flattening:

let words = ["alpha", "beta", "gamma"];

// chars() returns an iterator
let merged: String = words.iter()
                          .map(|s| s.chars())
                          .flatten()
                          .collect();
assert_eq!(merged, "alphabetagamma");Run

You can also rewrite this in terms of flat_map(), which is preferable in this case since it conveys intent more clearly:

let words = ["alpha", "beta", "gamma"];

// chars() returns an iterator
let merged: String = words.iter()
                          .flat_map(|s| s.chars())
                          .collect();
assert_eq!(merged, "alphabetagamma");Run

Flattening once only removes one level of nesting:

let d3 = [[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]];

let d2 = d3.iter().flatten().collect::<Vec<_>>();
assert_eq!(d2, [&[1, 2], &[3, 4], &[5, 6], &[7, 8]]);

let d1 = d3.iter().flatten().flatten().collect::<Vec<_>>();
assert_eq!(d1, [&1, &2, &3, &4, &5, &6, &7, &8]);Run

Here we see that flatten() does not perform a "deep" flatten. Instead, only one level of nesting is removed. That is, if you flatten() a three-dimensional array the result will be two-dimensional and not one-dimensional. To get a one-dimensional structure, you have to flatten() again.

ⓘImportant traits for Fuse<I>
fn fuse(self) -> Fuse<Self> where
    Self: Sized, 

Creates an iterator which ends after the first None.

After an iterator returns None, future calls may or may not yield Some(T) again. fuse() adapts an iterator, ensuring that after a None is given, it will always return None forever.

Examples

Basic usage:

// an iterator which alternates between Some and None
struct Alternate {
    state: i32,
}

impl Iterator for Alternate {
    type Item = i32;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<i32> {
        let val = self.state;
        self.state = self.state + 1;

        // if it's even, Some(i32), else None
        if val % 2 == 0 {
            Some(val)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
}

let mut iter = Alternate { state: 0 };

// we can see our iterator going back and forth
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(0));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);

// however, once we fuse it...
let mut iter = iter.fuse();

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(4));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);

// it will always return `None` after the first time.
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

ⓘImportant traits for Inspect<I, F>
fn inspect<F>(self, f: F) -> Inspect<Self, F> where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(&Self::Item), 

Do something with each element of an iterator, passing the value on.

When using iterators, you'll often chain several of them together. While working on such code, you might want to check out what's happening at various parts in the pipeline. To do that, insert a call to inspect().

It's more common for inspect() to be used as a debugging tool than to exist in your final code, but applications may find it useful in certain situations when errors need to be logged before being discarded.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 4, 2, 3];

// this iterator sequence is complex.
let sum = a.iter()
    .cloned()
    .filter(|x| x % 2 == 0)
    .fold(0, |sum, i| sum + i);

println!("{}", sum);

// let's add some inspect() calls to investigate what's happening
let sum = a.iter()
    .cloned()
    .inspect(|x| println!("about to filter: {}", x))
    .filter(|x| x % 2 == 0)
    .inspect(|x| println!("made it through filter: {}", x))
    .fold(0, |sum, i| sum + i);

println!("{}", sum);Run

This will print:

6
about to filter: 1
about to filter: 4
made it through filter: 4
about to filter: 2
made it through filter: 2
about to filter: 3
6

Logging errors before discarding them:

let lines = ["1", "2", "a"];

let sum: i32 = lines
    .iter()
    .map(|line| line.parse::<i32>())
    .inspect(|num| {
        if let Err(ref e) = *num {
            println!("Parsing error: {}", e);
        }
    })
    .filter_map(Result::ok)
    .sum();

println!("Sum: {}", sum);Run

This will print:

Parsing error: invalid digit found in string
Sum: 3

fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self where
    Self: Sized, 

Borrows an iterator, rather than consuming it.

This is useful to allow applying iterator adaptors while still retaining ownership of the original iterator.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let iter = a.iter();

let sum: i32 = iter.take(5).fold(0, |acc, i| acc + i );

assert_eq!(sum, 6);

// if we try to use iter again, it won't work. The following line
// gives "error: use of moved value: `iter`
// assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);

// let's try that again
let a = [1, 2, 3];

let mut iter = a.iter();

// instead, we add in a .by_ref()
let sum: i32 = iter.by_ref().take(2).fold(0, |acc, i| acc + i );

assert_eq!(sum, 3);

// now this is just fine:
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&3));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

#[must_use = "if you really need to exhaust the iterator, consider `.for_each(drop)` instead"] fn collect<B: FromIterator<Self::Item>>(self) -> B where
    Self: Sized, 

Transforms an iterator into a collection.

collect() can take anything iterable, and turn it into a relevant collection. This is one of the more powerful methods in the standard library, used in a variety of contexts.

The most basic pattern in which collect() is used is to turn one collection into another. You take a collection, call iter on it, do a bunch of transformations, and then collect() at the end.

One of the keys to collect()'s power is that many things you might not think of as 'collections' actually are. For example, a String is a collection of chars. And a collection of Result<T, E> can be thought of as single Result<Collection<T>, E>. See the examples below for more.

Because collect() is so general, it can cause problems with type inference. As such, collect() is one of the few times you'll see the syntax affectionately known as the 'turbofish': ::<>. This helps the inference algorithm understand specifically which collection you're trying to collect into.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let doubled: Vec<i32> = a.iter()
                         .map(|&x| x * 2)
                         .collect();

assert_eq!(vec![2, 4, 6], doubled);Run

Note that we needed the : Vec<i32> on the left-hand side. This is because we could collect into, for example, a VecDeque<T> instead:

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let doubled: VecDeque<i32> = a.iter().map(|&x| x * 2).collect();

assert_eq!(2, doubled[0]);
assert_eq!(4, doubled[1]);
assert_eq!(6, doubled[2]);Run

Using the 'turbofish' instead of annotating doubled:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let doubled = a.iter().map(|x| x * 2).collect::<Vec<i32>>();

assert_eq!(vec![2, 4, 6], doubled);Run

Because collect() only cares about what you're collecting into, you can still use a partial type hint, _, with the turbofish:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let doubled = a.iter().map(|x| x * 2).collect::<Vec<_>>();

assert_eq!(vec![2, 4, 6], doubled);Run

Using collect() to make a String:

let chars = ['g', 'd', 'k', 'k', 'n'];

let hello: String = chars.iter()
    .map(|&x| x as u8)
    .map(|x| (x + 1) as char)
    .collect();

assert_eq!("hello", hello);Run

If you have a list of Result<T, E>s, you can use collect() to see if any of them failed:

let results = [Ok(1), Err("nope"), Ok(3), Err("bad")];

let result: Result<Vec<_>, &str> = results.iter().cloned().collect();

// gives us the first error
assert_eq!(Err("nope"), result);

let results = [Ok(1), Ok(3)];

let result: Result<Vec<_>, &str> = results.iter().cloned().collect();

// gives us the list of answers
assert_eq!(Ok(vec![1, 3]), result);Run

fn partition<B, F>(self, f: F) -> (B, B) where
    Self: Sized,
    B: Default + Extend<Self::Item>,
    F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool, 

Consumes an iterator, creating two collections from it.

The predicate passed to partition() can return true, or false. partition() returns a pair, all of the elements for which it returned true, and all of the elements for which it returned false.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let (even, odd): (Vec<i32>, Vec<i32>) = a
    .iter()
    .partition(|&n| n % 2 == 0);

assert_eq!(even, vec![2]);
assert_eq!(odd, vec![1, 3]);Run

fn try_fold<B, F, R>(&mut self, init: B, f: F) -> R where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> R,
    R: Try<Ok = B>, 1.27.0

An iterator method that applies a function as long as it returns successfully, producing a single, final value.

try_fold() takes two arguments: an initial value, and a closure with two arguments: an 'accumulator', and an element. The closure either returns successfully, with the value that the accumulator should have for the next iteration, or it returns failure, with an error value that is propagated back to the caller immediately (short-circuiting).

The initial value is the value the accumulator will have on the first call. If applying the closure succeeded against every element of the iterator, try_fold() returns the final accumulator as success.

Folding is useful whenever you have a collection of something, and want to produce a single value from it.

Note to Implementors

Most of the other (forward) methods have default implementations in terms of this one, so try to implement this explicitly if it can do something better than the default for loop implementation.

In particular, try to have this call try_fold() on the internal parts from which this iterator is composed. If multiple calls are needed, the ? operator may be convenient for chaining the accumulator value along, but beware any invariants that need to be upheld before those early returns. This is a &mut self method, so iteration needs to be resumable after hitting an error here.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

// the checked sum of all of the elements of the array
let sum = a.iter().try_fold(0i8, |acc, &x| acc.checked_add(x));

assert_eq!(sum, Some(6));Run

Short-circuiting:

let a = [10, 20, 30, 100, 40, 50];
let mut it = a.iter();

// This sum overflows when adding the 100 element
let sum = it.try_fold(0i8, |acc, &x| acc.checked_add(x));
assert_eq!(sum, None);

// Because it short-circuited, the remaining elements are still
// available through the iterator.
assert_eq!(it.len(), 2);
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(&40));Run

fn try_for_each<F, R>(&mut self, f: F) -> R where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> R,
    R: Try<Ok = ()>, 1.27.0

An iterator method that applies a fallible function to each item in the iterator, stopping at the first error and returning that error.

This can also be thought of as the fallible form of for_each() or as the stateless version of try_fold().

Examples

use std::fs::rename;
use std::io::{stdout, Write};
use std::path::Path;

let data = ["no_tea.txt", "stale_bread.json", "torrential_rain.png"];

let res = data.iter().try_for_each(|x| writeln!(stdout(), "{}", x));
assert!(res.is_ok());

let mut it = data.iter().cloned();
let res = it.try_for_each(|x| rename(x, Path::new(x).with_extension("old")));
assert!(res.is_err());
// It short-circuited, so the remaining items are still in the iterator:
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some("stale_bread.json"));Run

fn fold<B, F>(self, init: B, f: F) -> B where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> B, 

An iterator method that applies a function, producing a single, final value.

fold() takes two arguments: an initial value, and a closure with two arguments: an 'accumulator', and an element. The closure returns the value that the accumulator should have for the next iteration.

The initial value is the value the accumulator will have on the first call.

After applying this closure to every element of the iterator, fold() returns the accumulator.

This operation is sometimes called 'reduce' or 'inject'.

Folding is useful whenever you have a collection of something, and want to produce a single value from it.

Note: fold(), and similar methods that traverse the entire iterator, may not terminate for infinite iterators, even on traits for which a result is determinable in finite time.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

// the sum of all of the elements of the array
let sum = a.iter().fold(0, |acc, x| acc + x);

assert_eq!(sum, 6);Run

Let's walk through each step of the iteration here:

elementaccxresult
0
1011
2123
3336

And so, our final result, 6.

It's common for people who haven't used iterators a lot to use a for loop with a list of things to build up a result. Those can be turned into fold()s:

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let mut result = 0;

// for loop:
for i in &numbers {
    result = result + i;
}

// fold:
let result2 = numbers.iter().fold(0, |acc, &x| acc + x);

// they're the same
assert_eq!(result, result2);Run

fn all<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool, 

Tests if every element of the iterator matches a predicate.

all() takes a closure that returns true or false. It applies this closure to each element of the iterator, and if they all return true, then so does all(). If any of them return false, it returns false.

all() is short-circuiting; in other words, it will stop processing as soon as it finds a false, given that no matter what else happens, the result will also be false.

An empty iterator returns true.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

assert!(a.iter().all(|&x| x > 0));

assert!(!a.iter().all(|&x| x > 2));Run

Stopping at the first false:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let mut iter = a.iter();

assert!(!iter.all(|&x| x != 2));

// we can still use `iter`, as there are more elements.
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&3));Run

fn any<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool, 

Tests if any element of the iterator matches a predicate.

any() takes a closure that returns true or false. It applies this closure to each element of the iterator, and if any of them return true, then so does any(). If they all return false, it returns false.

any() is short-circuiting; in other words, it will stop processing as soon as it finds a true, given that no matter what else happens, the result will also be true.

An empty iterator returns false.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

assert!(a.iter().any(|&x| x > 0));

assert!(!a.iter().any(|&x| x > 5));Run

Stopping at the first true:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let mut iter = a.iter();

assert!(iter.any(|&x| x != 2));

// we can still use `iter`, as there are more elements.
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&2));Run

fn find<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item> where
    Self: Sized,
    P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool, 

Searches for an element of an iterator that satisfies a predicate.

find() takes a closure that returns true or false. It applies this closure to each element of the iterator, and if any of them return true, then find() returns Some(element). If they all return false, it returns None.

find() is short-circuiting; in other words, it will stop processing as soon as the closure returns true.

Because find() takes a reference, and many iterators iterate over references, this leads to a possibly confusing situation where the argument is a double reference. You can see this effect in the examples below, with &&x.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

assert_eq!(a.iter().find(|&&x| x == 2), Some(&2));

assert_eq!(a.iter().find(|&&x| x == 5), None);Run

Stopping at the first true:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let mut iter = a.iter();

assert_eq!(iter.find(|&&x| x == 2), Some(&2));

// we can still use `iter`, as there are more elements.
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&3));Run

fn find_map<B, F>(&mut self, f: F) -> Option<B> where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> Option<B>, 1.30.0

Applies function to the elements of iterator and returns the first non-none result.

iter.find_map(f) is equivalent to iter.filter_map(f).next().

Examples

let a = ["lol", "NaN", "2", "5"];

let first_number = a.iter().find_map(|s| s.parse().ok());

assert_eq!(first_number, Some(2));Run

fn position<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<usize> where
    Self: Sized,
    P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool, 

Searches for an element in an iterator, returning its index.

position() takes a closure that returns true or false. It applies this closure to each element of the iterator, and if one of them returns true, then position() returns Some(index). If all of them return false, it returns None.

position() is short-circuiting; in other words, it will stop processing as soon as it finds a true.

Overflow Behavior

The method does no guarding against overflows, so if there are more than usize::MAX non-matching elements, it either produces the wrong result or panics. If debug assertions are enabled, a panic is guaranteed.

Panics

This function might panic if the iterator has more than usize::MAX non-matching elements.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

assert_eq!(a.iter().position(|&x| x == 2), Some(1));

assert_eq!(a.iter().position(|&x| x == 5), None);Run

Stopping at the first true:

let a = [1, 2, 3, 4];

let mut iter = a.iter();

assert_eq!(iter.position(|&x| x >= 2), Some(1));

// we can still use `iter`, as there are more elements.
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&3));

// The returned index depends on iterator state
assert_eq!(iter.position(|&x| x == 4), Some(0));
Run

fn rposition<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<usize> where
    P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
    Self: Sized + ExactSizeIterator + DoubleEndedIterator, 

Searches for an element in an iterator from the right, returning its index.

rposition() takes a closure that returns true or false. It applies this closure to each element of the iterator, starting from the end, and if one of them returns true, then rposition() returns Some(index). If all of them return false, it returns None.

rposition() is short-circuiting; in other words, it will stop processing as soon as it finds a true.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

assert_eq!(a.iter().rposition(|&x| x == 3), Some(2));

assert_eq!(a.iter().rposition(|&x| x == 5), None);Run

Stopping at the first true:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let mut iter = a.iter();

assert_eq!(iter.rposition(|&x| x == 2), Some(1));

// we can still use `iter`, as there are more elements.
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&1));Run

fn max(self) -> Option<Self::Item> where
    Self: Sized,
    Self::Item: Ord, 

Returns the maximum element of an iterator.

If several elements are equally maximum, the last element is returned. If the iterator is empty, None is returned.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];
let b: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();

assert_eq!(a.iter().max(), Some(&3));
assert_eq!(b.iter().max(), None);Run

fn min(self) -> Option<Self::Item> where
    Self: Sized,
    Self::Item: Ord, 

Returns the minimum element of an iterator.

If several elements are equally minimum, the first element is returned. If the iterator is empty, None is returned.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];
let b: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();

assert_eq!(a.iter().min(), Some(&1));
assert_eq!(b.iter().min(), None);Run

fn max_by_key<B: Ord, F>(self, f: F) -> Option<Self::Item> where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> B, 1.6.0

Returns the element that gives the maximum value from the specified function.

If several elements are equally maximum, the last element is returned. If the iterator is empty, None is returned.

Examples

let a = [-3_i32, 0, 1, 5, -10];
assert_eq!(*a.iter().max_by_key(|x| x.abs()).unwrap(), -10);Run

fn max_by<F>(self, compare: F) -> Option<Self::Item> where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering, 1.15.0

Returns the element that gives the maximum value with respect to the specified comparison function.

If several elements are equally maximum, the last element is returned. If the iterator is empty, None is returned.

Examples

let a = [-3_i32, 0, 1, 5, -10];
assert_eq!(*a.iter().max_by(|x, y| x.cmp(y)).unwrap(), 5);Run

fn min_by_key<B: Ord, F>(self, f: F) -> Option<Self::Item> where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> B, 1.6.0

Returns the element that gives the minimum value from the specified function.

If several elements are equally minimum, the first element is returned. If the iterator is empty, None is returned.

Examples

let a = [-3_i32, 0, 1, 5, -10];
assert_eq!(*a.iter().min_by_key(|x| x.abs()).unwrap(), 0);Run

fn min_by<F>(self, compare: F) -> Option<Self::Item> where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering, 1.15.0

Returns the element that gives the minimum value with respect to the specified comparison function.

If several elements are equally minimum, the first element is returned. If the iterator is empty, None is returned.

Examples

let a = [-3_i32, 0, 1, 5, -10];
assert_eq!(*a.iter().min_by(|x, y| x.cmp(y)).unwrap(), -10);Run

ⓘImportant traits for Rev<I>
fn rev(self) -> Rev<Self> where
    Self: Sized + DoubleEndedIterator, 

Reverses an iterator's direction.

Usually, iterators iterate from left to right. After using rev(), an iterator will instead iterate from right to left.

This is only possible if the iterator has an end, so rev() only works on DoubleEndedIterators.

Examples

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let mut iter = a.iter().rev();

assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&3));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&1));

assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);Run

fn unzip<A, B, FromA, FromB>(self) -> (FromA, FromB) where
    FromA: Default + Extend<A>,
    FromB: Default + Extend<B>,
    Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = (A, B)>, 

Converts an iterator of pairs into a pair of containers.

unzip() consumes an entire iterator of pairs, producing two collections: one from the left elements of the pairs, and one from the right elements.

This function is, in some sense, the opposite of zip.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [(1, 2), (3, 4)];

let (left, right): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = a.iter().cloned().unzip();

assert_eq!(left, [1, 3]);
assert_eq!(right, [2, 4]);Run

ⓘImportant traits for Copied<I>
fn copied<'a, T: 'a>(self) -> Copied<Self> where
    Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = &'a T>,
    T: Copy, 1.36.0

Creates an iterator which copies all of its elements.

This is useful when you have an iterator over &T, but you need an iterator over T.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let v_cloned: Vec<_> = a.iter().copied().collect();

// copied is the same as .map(|&x| x)
let v_map: Vec<_> = a.iter().map(|&x| x).collect();

assert_eq!(v_cloned, vec![1, 2, 3]);
assert_eq!(v_map, vec![1, 2, 3]);Run

ⓘImportant traits for Cloned<I>
fn cloned<'a, T: 'a>(self) -> Cloned<Self> where
    Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = &'a T>,
    T: Clone, 

Creates an iterator which clones all of its elements.

This is useful when you have an iterator over &T, but you need an iterator over T.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let v_cloned: Vec<_> = a.iter().cloned().collect();

// cloned is the same as .map(|&x| x), for integers
let v_map: Vec<_> = a.iter().map(|&x| x).collect();

assert_eq!(v_cloned, vec![1, 2, 3]);
assert_eq!(v_map, vec![1, 2, 3]);Run

ⓘImportant traits for Cycle<I>
fn cycle(self) -> Cycle<Self> where
    Self: Sized + Clone, 

Repeats an iterator endlessly.

Instead of stopping at None, the iterator will instead start again, from the beginning. After iterating again, it will start at the beginning again. And again. And again. Forever.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];

let mut it = a.iter().cycle();

assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(&1));
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(&3));
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(&1));
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(&3));
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(&1));Run

fn sum<S>(self) -> S where
    Self: Sized,
    S: Sum<Self::Item>, 1.11.0

Sums the elements of an iterator.

Takes each element, adds them together, and returns the result.

An empty iterator returns the zero value of the type.

Panics

When calling sum() and a primitive integer type is being returned, this method will panic if the computation overflows and debug assertions are enabled.

Examples

Basic usage:

let a = [1, 2, 3];
let sum: i32 = a.iter().sum();

assert_eq!(sum, 6);Run

fn product<P>(self) -> P where
    Self: Sized,
    P: Product<Self::Item>, 1.11.0

Iterates over the entire iterator, multiplying all the elements

An empty iterator returns the one value of the type.

Panics

When calling product() and a primitive integer type is being returned, method will panic if the computation overflows and debug assertions are enabled.

Examples

fn factorial(n: u32) -> u32 {
    (1..=n).product()
}
assert_eq!(factorial(0), 1);
assert_eq!(factorial(1), 1);
assert_eq!(factorial(5), 120);Run

fn cmp<I>(self, other: I) -> Ordering where
    I: IntoIterator<Item = Self::Item>,
    Self::Item: Ord,
    Self: Sized, 1.5.0

Lexicographically compares the elements of this Iterator with those of another.

fn partial_cmp<I>(self, other: I) -> Option<Ordering> where
    I: IntoIterator,
    Self::Item: PartialOrd<I::Item>,
    Self: Sized, 1.5.0

Lexicographically compares the elements of this Iterator with those of another.

fn eq<I>(self, other: I) -> bool where
    I: IntoIterator,
    Self::Item: PartialEq<I::Item>,
    Self: Sized, 1.5.0

Determines if the elements of this Iterator are equal to those of another.

fn ne<I>(self, other: I) -> bool where
    I: IntoIterator,
    Self::Item: PartialEq<I::Item>,
    Self: Sized, 1.5.0

Determines if the elements of this Iterator are unequal to those of another.

fn lt<I>(self, other: I) -> bool where
    I: IntoIterator,
    Self::Item: PartialOrd<I::Item>,
    Self: Sized, 1.5.0

Determines if the elements of this Iterator are lexicographically less than those of another.

fn le<I>(self, other: I) -> bool where
    I: IntoIterator,
    Self::Item: PartialOrd<I::Item>,
    Self: Sized, 1.5.0

Determines if the elements of this Iterator are lexicographically less or equal to those of another.

fn gt<I>(self, other: I) -> bool where
    I: IntoIterator,
    Self::Item: PartialOrd<I::Item>,
    Self: Sized, 1.5.0

Determines if the elements of this Iterator are lexicographically greater than those of another.

fn ge<I>(self, other: I) -> bool where
    I: IntoIterator,
    Self::Item: PartialOrd<I::Item>,
    Self: Sized, 1.5.0

Determines if the elements of this Iterator are lexicographically greater than or equal to those of another.

fn is_sorted(self) -> bool where
    Self: Sized,
    Self::Item: PartialOrd, 

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (is_sorted #53485)

new API

Checks if the elements of this iterator are sorted.

That is, for each element a and its following element b, a <= b must hold. If the iterator yields exactly zero or one element, true is returned.

Note that if Self::Item is only PartialOrd, but not Ord, the above definition implies that this function returns false if any two consecutive items are not comparable.

Examples

#![feature(is_sorted)]

assert!([1, 2, 2, 9].iter().is_sorted());
assert!(![1, 3, 2, 4].iter().is_sorted());
assert!([0].iter().is_sorted());
assert!(std::iter::empty::<i32>().is_sorted());
assert!(![0.0, 1.0, std::f32::NAN].iter().is_sorted());Run

fn is_sorted_by<F>(self, compare: F) -> bool where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Option<Ordering>, 

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (is_sorted #53485)

new API

Checks if the elements of this iterator are sorted using the given comparator function.

Instead of using PartialOrd::partial_cmp, this function uses the given compare function to determine the ordering of two elements. Apart from that, it's equivalent to is_sorted; see its documentation for more information.

fn is_sorted_by_key<F, K>(self, f: F) -> bool where
    Self: Sized,
    F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> K,
    K: PartialOrd, 

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (is_sorted #53485)

new API

Checks if the elements of this iterator are sorted using the given key extraction function.

Instead of comparing the iterator's elements directly, this function compares the keys of the elements, as determined by f. Apart from that, it's equivalent to is_sorted; see its documentation for more information.

Examples

#![feature(is_sorted)]

assert!(["c", "bb", "aaa"].iter().is_sorted_by_key(|s| s.len()));
assert!(![-2i32, -1, 0, 3].iter().is_sorted_by_key(|n| n.abs()));Run
Loading content...

Implementors

impl Iterator for core::ascii::EscapeDefault[src]

type Item = u8

impl Iterator for core::char::EscapeDebug[src]

type Item = char

impl Iterator for core::char::EscapeDefault[src]

type Item = char

impl Iterator for core::char::EscapeUnicode[src]

type Item = char

impl Iterator for ToLowercase[src]

type Item = char

impl Iterator for ToUppercase[src]

type Item = char

impl<'_> Iterator for Bytes<'_>[src]

type Item = u8

impl<'_, I: Iterator + ?Sized> Iterator for &'_ mut I[src]

type Item = I::Item

impl<'a> Iterator for Utf8LossyChunksIter<'a>[src]

type Item = Utf8LossyChunk<'a>

impl<'a> Iterator for CharIndices<'a>[src]

type Item = (usize, char)

impl<'a> Iterator for Chars<'a>[src]

type Item = char

impl<'a> Iterator for EncodeUtf16<'a>[src]

type Item = u16

impl<'a> Iterator for core::str::EscapeDebug<'a>[src]

type Item = char

impl<'a> Iterator for core::str::EscapeDefault<'a>[src]

type Item = char

impl<'a> Iterator for core::str::EscapeUnicode<'a>[src]

type Item = char

impl<'a> Iterator for Lines<'a>[src]

type Item = &'a str

impl<'a> Iterator for LinesAny<'a>[src]

type Item = &'a str

impl<'a> Iterator for SplitAsciiWhitespace<'a>[src]

type Item = &'a str

impl<'a> Iterator for SplitWhitespace<'a>[src]

type Item = &'a str

impl<'a, A> Iterator for core::option::Iter<'a, A>[src]

type Item = &'a A

impl<'a, A> Iterator for core::option::IterMut<'a, A>[src]

type Item = &'a mut A

impl<'a, I, T: 'a> Iterator for Cloned<I> where
    I: Iterator<Item = &'a T>,
    T: Clone, [src]

type Item = T

impl<'a, I, T: 'a> Iterator for Copied<I> where
    I: Iterator<Item = &'a T>,
    T: Copy, [src]

type Item = T

impl<'a, P: Pattern<'a>> Iterator for MatchIndices<'a, P>[src]

type Item = (usize, &'a str)

impl<'a, P: Pattern<'a>> Iterator for Matches<'a, P>[src]

type Item = &'a str

impl<'a, P: Pattern<'a>> Iterator for RMatchIndices<'a, P> where
    P::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>, [src]

type Item = (usize, &'a str)

impl<'a, P: Pattern<'a>> Iterator for RMatches<'a, P> where
    P::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>, [src]

type Item = &'a str

impl<'a, P: Pattern<'a>> Iterator for core::str::RSplit<'a, P> where
    P::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>, [src]

type Item = &'a str

impl<'a, P: Pattern<'a>> Iterator for core::str::RSplitN<'a, P> where
    P::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>, [src]

type Item = &'a str

impl<'a, P: Pattern<'a>> Iterator for RSplitTerminator<'a, P> where
    P::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>, [src]

type Item = &'a str

impl<'a, P: Pattern<'a>> Iterator for core::str::Split<'a, P>[src]

type Item = &'a str

impl<'a, P: Pattern<'a>> Iterator for core::str::SplitN<'a, P>[src]

type Item = &'a str

impl<'a, P: Pattern<'a>> Iterator for SplitTerminator<'a, P>[src]

type Item = &'a str

impl<'a, T> Iterator for core::result::Iter<'a, T>[src]

type Item = &'a T

impl<'a, T> Iterator for core::result::IterMut<'a, T>[src]

type Item = &'a mut T

impl<'a, T> Iterator for Chunks<'a, T>[src]

type Item = &'a [T]

impl<'a, T> Iterator for ChunksExact<'a, T>[src]

type Item = &'a [T]

impl<'a, T> Iterator for ChunksExactMut<'a, T>[src]

type Item = &'a mut [T]

impl<'a, T> Iterator for ChunksMut<'a, T>[src]

type Item = &'a mut [T]

impl<'a, T> Iterator for core::slice::Iter<'a, T>[src]

type Item = &'a T

impl<'a, T> Iterator for core::slice::IterMut<'a, T>[src]

type Item = &'a mut T

impl<'a, T> Iterator for RChunks<'a, T>[src]

type Item = &'a [T]

impl<'a, T> Iterator for RChunksExact<'a, T>[src]

type Item = &'a [T]

impl<'a, T> Iterator for RChunksExactMut<'a, T>[src]

type Item = &'a mut [T]

impl<'a, T> Iterator for RChunksMut<'a, T>[src]

type Item = &'a mut [T]

impl<'a, T> Iterator for Windows<'a, T>[src]

type Item = &'a [T]

impl<'a, T, P> Iterator for core::slice::RSplit<'a, T, P> where
    P: FnMut(&T) -> bool, [src]

type Item = &'a [T]

impl<'a, T, P> Iterator for RSplitMut<'a, T, P> where
    P: FnMut(&T) -> bool, [src]

type Item = &'a mut [T]

impl<'a, T, P> Iterator for core::slice::RSplitN<'a, T, P> where
    P: FnMut(&T) -> bool, [src]

type Item = &'a [T]

impl<'a, T, P> Iterator for RSplitNMut<'a, T, P> where
    P: FnMut(&T) -> bool, [src]

type Item = &'a mut [T]

impl<'a, T, P> Iterator for core::slice::Split<'a, T, P> where
    P: FnMut(&T) -> bool, [src]

type Item = &'a [T]

impl<'a, T, P> Iterator for SplitMut<'a, T, P> where
    P: FnMut(&T) -> bool, [src]

type Item = &'a mut [T]

impl<'a, T, P> Iterator for core::slice::SplitN<'a, T, P> where
    P: FnMut(&T) -> bool, [src]

type Item = &'a [T]

impl<'a, T, P> Iterator for SplitNMut<'a, T, P> where
    P: FnMut(&T) -> bool, [src]

type Item = &'a mut [T]

impl<A> Iterator for core::option::IntoIter<A>[src]

type Item = A

impl<A, B> Iterator for Chain<A, B> where
    A: Iterator,
    B: Iterator<Item = A::Item>, [src]

type Item = A::Item

impl<A, B> Iterator for Zip<A, B> where
    A: Iterator,
    B: Iterator, [src]

type Item = (A::Item, B::Item)

impl<A, F: FnMut() -> A> Iterator for RepeatWith<F>[src]

type Item = A

impl<A, F: FnOnce() -> A> Iterator for OnceWith<F>[src]

type Item = A

impl<A: Clone> Iterator for Repeat<A>[src]

type Item = A

impl<A: Step> Iterator for Range<A>[src]

type Item = A

impl<A: Step> Iterator for RangeFrom<A>[src]

type Item = A

impl<A: Step> Iterator for RangeInclusive<A>[src]

type Item = A

impl<B, I, St, F> Iterator for Scan<I, St, F> where
    I: Iterator,
    F: FnMut(&mut St, I::Item) -> Option<B>, [src]

type Item = B

impl<B, I: Iterator, F> Iterator for FilterMap<I, F> where
    F: FnMut(I::Item) -> Option<B>, [src]

type Item = B

impl<B, I: Iterator, F> Iterator for Map<I, F> where
    F: FnMut(I::Item) -> B, [src]

type Item = B

impl<I> Iterator for Cycle<I> where
    I: Clone + Iterator, [src]

type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item

impl<I> Iterator for Enumerate<I> where
    I: Iterator, [src]

type Item = (usize, <I as Iterator>::Item)

fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(usize, <I as Iterator>::Item)>[src]

Overflow Behavior

The method does no guarding against overflows, so enumerating more than usize::MAX elements either produces the wrong result or panics. If debug assertions are enabled, a panic is guaranteed.

Panics

Might panic if the index of the element overflows a usize.

impl<I> Iterator for Fuse<I> where
    I: FusedIterator, [src]

impl<I> Iterator for Fuse<I> where
    I: Iterator, [src]

type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item

impl<I> Iterator for Rev<I> where
    I: DoubleEndedIterator, [src]

type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item

impl<I> Iterator for Skip<I> where
    I: Iterator, [src]

type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item

impl<I> Iterator for StepBy<I> where
    I: Iterator, [src]

type Item = I::Item

impl<I> Iterator for Take<I> where
    I: Iterator, [src]

type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item

impl<I, U> Iterator for Flatten<I> where
    I: Iterator,
    U: Iterator,
    I::Item: IntoIterator<IntoIter = U, Item = U::Item>, [src]

type Item = U::Item

impl<I: Iterator> Iterator for Peekable<I>[src]

type Item = I::Item

impl<I: Iterator<Item = u16>> Iterator for DecodeUtf16<I>[src]

type Item = Result<char, DecodeUtf16Error>

impl<I: Iterator, F> Iterator for Inspect<I, F> where
    F: FnMut(&I::Item), [src]

type Item = I::Item

impl<I: Iterator, P> Iterator for Filter<I, P> where
    P: FnMut(&I::Item) -> bool, [src]

type Item = I::Item

impl<I: Iterator, P> Iterator for SkipWhile<I, P> where
    P: FnMut(&I::Item) -> bool, [src]

type Item = I::Item

impl<I: Iterator, P> Iterator for TakeWhile<I, P> where
    P: FnMut(&I::Item) -> bool, [src]

type Item = I::Item

impl<I: Iterator, U: IntoIterator, F> Iterator for FlatMap<I, U, F> where
    F: FnMut(I::Item) -> U, [src]

type Item = U::Item

impl<T> Iterator for Empty<T>[src]

type Item = T

impl<T> Iterator for Once<T>[src]

type Item = T

impl<T> Iterator for core::result::IntoIter<T>[src]

type Item = T

impl<T, F> Iterator for FromFn<F> where
    F: FnMut() -> Option<T>, [src]

type Item = T

impl<T, F> Iterator for Successors<T, F> where
    F: FnMut(&T) -> Option<T>, [src]

type Item = T

Loading content...